CAW has played a pioneering role in the development of Pagan ecotheology. Core religious practices of the Church of All Worlds are derived from this fiction, in which Valentine Michael Smith, raised on Mars, attempts to teach humans Martian values, including the sacredness of water (kinship is established through the ‘water-sharing ritual’), the unity of all things (‘Thou art God’), and the evils of sexual repression, jealousy and violence. Heinlein’s novel Stranger in A Strange Land (1961). The Church of All Worlds (begun in 1962 by Lance Christie and Tim Zell, later Oberon Zell-Ravenheart) is a Pagan religion inspired by Robert A. Mainstream religion, exemplified in the West by Christianity, is perceived as allied with the advance of capitalist modernity, which has resulted in environmental degradation, rampant materialism and the alienation of humans from Nature. As Jon Bloch has argued ‘alternative spiritualities assert that all aspects of life are sacred… argue that activities involving the protection of the earth should be conceptualized as part of one’s spirituality’ (Bloch 1998: 57). "In the contemporary West Pagan and alternative religions frequently place emphasis on the importance of the environment at the centre of their theology.
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